Premenstrual syndrome premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Abstract
Epidemiology Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a condition of recurrent physical and psychological symptoms occurring in a cyclic fashion during the period of 1–2 weeks preceding a woman's menstrual period. Most surveys find that as many as 85% of menstruating women report one or more mild premenstrual symptoms. Severe symptoms that meet the criteria for PMS, however, are much less common, with only 10% of women reporting significant impairment in lifestyle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a variant of PMS that entails more severe psychological symptoms and impairment of functioning, occurs in 2–9% of women of reproductive age. Risk factors The only proven risk factor for PMS and PMDD is ovulatory cycles. Women with a prior history of a depressive disorder, including postpartum depression, or with a family history of PMS may represent high-risk groups. There appears to be an increased risk with age and increased parity.3 Dalton proposed that tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, pre-eclampsia, and absence of dysmenorrhea were associated with increased risk for premenstrual symptoms. However, none of these factors has been shown empirically to have an association, and PMS has been reported among women in diverse geographic locations, cultural and ethnic groups, and historical periods. Racial, socioeconomic, or marital status differences have not been identified. Finally, risk factors such as increased imposed stress and specific personality profiles are not helpful in differentiating women with PMS/PMDD from those without the disorder.
Publication Title
Clinical Gynecology Second Edition
Recommended Citation
Washington, M., Brown, C., & Ling, F. (2015). Premenstrual syndrome premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Clinical Gynecology Second Edition, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139628938.004
