Absent or elevated middle ear muscle reflexes in the presence of normal otoacoustic emissions: A universal finding in 136 cases of auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony

Abstract

Background: The impact of dance training on brainstem-mediated vestibular reflexes remains unclear. This study examined the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and its suppression during high-speed head movements, which may closely resemble the head-turning speeds used in dancers’ spotting techniques, using the video head impulse test. Methods: Eighteen female college students (mean age: 21 years) were divided into two groups—nine trained dancers (≥six years of dance training) and nine age-matched non-dancers—all without a history of hearing, vestibular, or neurological disorders. VOR function was assessed using the head impulse paradigm (HIMP) and the suppression head impulse paradigm (SHIMP) for right and left lateral stimulation, with minimum head velocities of 150°/s. Results: All participants exhibited VOR measures within normal limits and the VOR gain of dancers did not significantly differ from that of non-dancers. However, most dancers reported a preference for right-sided pirouettes and the right-side SHIMP gain negatively correlated with years of training, suggesting a link between preferred turning direction and VOR suppression ability. Furthermore, dancers with over 15 years of training exhibited earlier anti-compensatory saccade latencies (~75 ms) during SHIMP. Conclusions: Trained dancers maintain a healthy VOR and may develop enhanced voluntary control, enabling more effective VOR suppression. The earlier onset of anti-compensatory saccades suggests neural adaptations in eye–head coordination for high-velocity movements. Given the study’s small sample size and the inclusion of non-fulltime dancers, future research with larger samples of professional dancers is needed for enhanced generalizability. These findings provide preliminary evidence of dance-related neuroplasticity in brainstem-mediated vestibular reflexes and open new research avenues.

Publication Title

Brain Sciences

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