Resveratrol and its analogs suppress HIV replication, oxidative stress, and inflammation in macrophages

Authors

Santosh Kumar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Namita Sinha, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Sunitha Kodidela, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Sandip Godse, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Bhupesh Singla, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Udai P. Singh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Hari K. Bhat, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas-City, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: HIV suppression in brain viral reservoirs, especially macrophages, and microglia is critical to suppress HIV neuropathogenesis and subsequently HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Since most antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs do not achieve optimal therapeutic concentrations in the brain and can cause neurotoxicity, an alternative/adjuvant therapy is needed to suppress HIV neuropathogenesis. In this study, our objectives were to examine the anti-HIV, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of resveratrol (RES) and its synthetic analogs 4-(E)-{(p-tolylimino)-methylbenzene-1,2-diol} (TIMBD) and 4-(E)-{(4-hydroxyphenylimino)-methylbenzene,1,2-diol} (HPIMBD) in HIV-infected macrophages. METHODS: We used HIV replication (viral load), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes), and inflammatory response (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines) assays to achieve the objectives of the study. RESULTS: Our results showed that RES and its analogs HPIMBD and TIMBD at 25 µM concentration significantly decrease HIV replication in both primary monocyte-derived macrophages and U1-differentiated macrophages. Moreover, RES and its analogs do not induce any cytotoxicity for up to 3 days in these cells. Further, treatment with RES and TIMBD (25 µM) also reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species without affecting the expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD1, and catalase in U1 macrophages. Besides, RES and HPIMBD treatment inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in U1 macrophages, which was associated with decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, our western blot experiments show that RES also decreases cellular proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which is usually elevated in both myeloid and neuronal cells upon HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggest that RES and/or its analogs are important adjuvants that may be used not only to suppress HIV but also oxidative stress and inflammation in brain viral reservoirs.

Publication Title

NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics

Recommended Citation

Kumar, S., Sinha, N., Kodidela, S., Godse, S., Singla, B., Singh, U. P., & Bhat, H. K. (2023). Resveratrol and its analogs suppress HIV replication, oxidative stress, and inflammation in macrophages. NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics, 2 (4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1515/nipt-2023-0012